CF1619D.New Year's Problem

普及+/提高

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时间限制:2.00s

内存限制:256MB

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题目描述

Vlad has nn friends, for each of whom he wants to buy one gift for the New Year.

There are mm shops in the city, in each of which he can buy a gift for any of his friends. If the jj-th friend (1≤j≤n1 \le j \le n) receives a gift bought in the shop with the number ii (1≤i≤m1 \le i \le m), then the friend receives pijp_{ij} units of joy. The rectangular table pijp_{ij} is given in the input.

Vlad has time to visit at most n−1n-1 shops (where nn is the number of friends). He chooses which shops he will visit and for which friends he will buy gifts in each of them.

Let the jj-th friend receive aja_j units of joy from Vlad's gift. Let's find the value α=min⁡a1,a2,…,an\alpha=\min{a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n}. Vlad's goal is to buy gifts so that the value of α\alpha is as large as possible. In other words, Vlad wants to maximize the minimum of the joys of his friends.

For example, let m=2m = 2, n=2n = 2. Let the joy from the gifts that we can buy in the first shop: p11=1p_{11} = 1, p12=2p_{12}=2, in the second shop: p21=3p_{21} = 3, p22=4p_{22}=4.

Then it is enough for Vlad to go only to the second shop and buy a gift for the first friend, bringing joy 33, and for the second — bringing joy 44. In this case, the value α\alpha will be equal to min⁡3,4=3\min{3, 4} = 3

Help Vlad choose gifts for his friends so that the value of α\alpha is as high as possible. Please note that each friend must receive one gift. Vlad can visit at most n−1n-1 shops (where nn is the number of friends). In the shop, he can buy any number of gifts.

弗拉德有 nn 个朋友,他想为每位朋友各买一份新年礼物。

城市里共有 mm 家商店,每家商店均可为任意一位朋友购买礼物。若第 jj 位朋友(1≤j≤n1 \le j \le n)收到在编号为 ii 的商店(1≤i≤m1 \le i \le m)购买的礼物,则该朋友获得 pijp_{ij} 单位的快乐值。输入中会给出一个大小为 n×mn \times m 的矩形表格 pijp_{ij}。

弗拉德最多只能访问 n−1n-1 家商店(其中 nn 为朋友人数)。他需要自行决定访问哪些商店,并在每家商店中为哪些朋友购买礼物。

设第 jj 位朋友从弗拉德赠送的礼物中获得 aja_j 单位的快乐值。定义 α=min⁡{a1,a2,…,an}\alpha = \min\{a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n\}。弗拉德的目标是使 α\alpha 尽可能大,即最大化所有朋友所获快乐值中的最小值。

例如,设 m=2m = 2,n=2n = 2。第一家商店可提供的礼物快乐值为:p11=1p_{11} = 1,p12=2p_{12} = 2;第二家商店可提供的礼物快乐值为:p21=3p_{21} = 3,p22=4p_{22} = 4。

此时,弗拉德只需访问第二家商店:为第一位朋友购买快乐值为 33 的礼物,为第二位朋友购买快乐值为 44 的礼物。此时 α=min⁡{3,4}=3\alpha = \min\{3, 4\} = 3。

请帮助弗拉德为其朋友们挑选礼物,使得 α\alpha 尽可能大。注意:每位朋友必须恰好收到一份礼物;弗拉德最多只能访问 n−1n-1 家商店(其中 nn 为朋友人数);在某一家商店中,他可以购买任意数量的礼物。

输入格式

The first line of the input contains an integer tt (1≤t≤1041 \le t \le 10^4) — the number of test cases in the input.

An empty line is written before each test case. Then there is a line containing integers mm and nn (2≤n2 \le n, 2≤n⋅m≤1052 \le n \cdot m \le 10^5) separated by a space — the number of shops and the number of friends, where n⋅mn \cdot m is the product of nn and mm.

Then mm lines follow, each containing nn numbers. The number in the ii-th row of the jj-th column pijp_{ij} (1≤pij≤1091 \le p_{ij} \le 10^9) is the joy of the product intended for friend number jj in shop number ii.

It is guaranteed that the sum of the values n⋅mn \cdot m over all test cases in the test does not exceed 10510^5.

输入的第一行包含一个整数 tt(1≤t≤1041 \le t \le 10^4)—— 表示输入中测试用例的数量。

每个测试用例前均有一空行。随后是一行,包含两个由空格分隔的整数 mm 和 nn(2≤n2 \le n,2≤n⋅m≤1052 \le n \cdot m \le 10^5)—— 分别表示商店数量和朋友数量,其中 n⋅mn \cdot m 是 nn 与 mm 的乘积。

接下来是 mm 行,每行包含 nn 个数字。第 ii 行第 jj 列的数字 pijp_{ij}(1≤pij≤1091 \le p_{ij} \le 10^9)表示在第 ii 家商店中、为第 jj 位朋友准备的商品所带来的快乐值。

保证所有测试用例中 n⋅mn \cdot m 的总和不超过 10510^5。

输出格式

Print tt lines, each line must contain the answer to the corresponding test case — the maximum possible value of α\alpha, where α\alpha is the minimum of the joys from a gift for all of Vlad's friends.

输出 tt 行,每行必须包含对应测试用例的答案——即 α\alpha 的最大可能值,其中 α\alpha 是 Vlad 的所有朋友从礼物中获得的喜悦值中的最小值。

输入输出样例

  • 输入#1

    5
    
    2 2
    1 2
    3 4
    
    4 3
    1 3 1
    3 1 1
    1 2 2
    1 1 3
    
    2 3
    5 3 4
    2 5 1
    
    4 2
    7 9
    8 1
    9 6
    10 8
    
    2 4
    6 5 2 1
    7 9 7 2

    输出#1

    3
    2
    4
    8
    2

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