CF1151E.Number of Components

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题目描述

The Kingdom of Kremland is a tree (a connected undirected graph without cycles) consisting of nn vertices. Each vertex ii has its own value aia_i. All vertices are connected in series by edges. Formally, for every 1≤i<n1 \leq i \lt n there is an edge between the vertices of ii and i+1i+1.

Denote the function f(l,r)f(l, r), which takes two integers ll and rr (l≤rl \leq r):

  • We leave in the tree only vertices whose values range from ll to rr.
  • The value of the function will be the number of connected components in the new graph.

Your task is to calculate the following sum: $$\sum_{l=1}^{n} \sum_{r=l}^{n} f(l, r) $$

克雷姆兰王国是一棵树(即一个无环的连通无向图),包含 nn 个顶点。每个顶点 ii 都有一个对应的权值 aia_i。所有顶点通过边依次连接。形式化地说,对每个满足 1≤i<n1 \leq i < n 的整数 ii,均存在一条连接顶点 ii 与 i+1i+1 的边。

定义函数 f(l,r)f(l, r),其中 ll 和 rr 为整数且满足 l≤rl \leq r:

  • 在树中仅保留权值在区间 [l,r][l, r] 内的顶点;
  • 该函数的值即为所得新图中的连通块数量。

你的任务是计算如下总和:

∑l=1n∑r=lnf(l,r)\sum_{l=1}^{n} \sum_{r=l}^{n} f(l, r)

输入格式

The first line contains a single integer nn (1≤n≤1051 \leq n \leq 10^5) — the number of vertices in the tree.

The second line contains nn integers a1,a2,…,ana_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n (1≤ai≤n1 \leq a_i \leq n) — the values of the vertices.

第一行包含一个整数 nn(1≤n≤1051 \leq n \leq 10^5)——树中顶点的数量。

第二行包含 nn 个整数 a1,a2,…,ana_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n(1≤ai≤n1 \leq a_i \leq n)——各顶点的值。

输出格式

Print one number — the answer to the problem.

输出一个数字——该问题的答案。

输入输出样例

  • 输入#1

    3
    2 1 3

    输出#1

    7
  • 输入#2

    4
    2 1 1 3

    输出#2

    11
  • 输入#3

    10
    1 5 2 5 5 3 10 6 5 1

    输出#3

    104

说明/提示

In the first example, the function values will be as follows:

  • f(1,1)=1f(1, 1)=1 (there is only a vertex with the number 22, which forms one component)
  • f(1,2)=1f(1, 2)=1 (there are vertices 11 and 22 that form one component)
  • f(1,3)=1f(1, 3)=1 (all vertices remain, one component is obtained)
  • f(2,2)=1f(2, 2)=1 (only vertex number 11)
  • f(2,3)=2f(2, 3)=2 (there are vertices 11 and 33 that form two components)
  • f(3,3)=1f(3, 3)=1 (only vertex 33)

Totally out 77.

In the second example, the function values will be as follows:

  • f(1,1)=1f(1, 1)=1
  • f(1,2)=1f(1, 2)=1
  • f(1,3)=1f(1, 3)=1
  • f(1,4)=1f(1, 4)=1
  • f(2,2)=1f(2, 2)=1
  • f(2,3)=2f(2, 3)=2
  • f(2,4)=2f(2, 4)=2
  • f(3,3)=1f(3, 3)=1
  • f(3,4)=1f(3, 4)=1
  • f(4,4)=0f(4, 4)=0 (there is no vertex left, so the number of components is 00)

Totally out 1111.

在第一个例子中,函数值如下:

  • f(1,1)=1f(1, 1)=1(仅剩编号为 22 的顶点,构成一个连通分量)
  • f(1,2)=1f(1, 2)=1(顶点 11 和 22 构成一个连通分量)
  • f(1,3)=1f(1, 3)=1(所有顶点均保留,得到一个连通分量)
  • f(2,2)=1f(2, 2)=1(仅剩编号为 11 的顶点)
  • f(2,3)=2f(2, 3)=2(顶点 11 和 33 构成两个连通分量)
  • f(3,3)=1f(3, 3)=1(仅剩顶点 33)

总计为 77。

在第二个例子中,函数值如下:

  • f(1,1)=1f(1, 1)=1
  • f(1,2)=1f(1, 2)=1
  • f(1,3)=1f(1, 3)=1
  • f(1,4)=1f(1, 4)=1
  • f(2,2)=1f(2, 2)=1
  • f(2,3)=2f(2, 3)=2
  • f(2,4)=2f(2, 4)=2
  • f(3,3)=1f(3, 3)=1
  • f(3,4)=1f(3, 4)=1
  • f(4,4)=0f(4, 4)=0(无剩余顶点,因此连通分量数量为 00)

总计为 1111。

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